Moniza Alvis Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Essay -- English Lite

Moniza Alvi's Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan Moniza Alvi was conceived in Lahore, in Pakistan, the girl of a Pakistani dad and an English mother. She moved to Hatfield in Britain when she was a couple of months old. She didn't return to Pakistan until after the distribution of her first book of sonnets, The Country behind me, from which this sonnet comes. The artist says: 'Presents from My Aunts... was one of the primary sonnets I composed - when I composed this sonnet I hadn't really been returned to Pakistan. The young lady in the sonnet would be me at around thirteen. The garments appear to adhere to her in an awkward manner, somewhat like a sort of bogus skin, and she figures things aren't clear for her. I discovered it was critical to compose the Pakistan sonnets since I was connecting with my experience. Also, perhaps there's somewhat of a message behind the sonnets about something I experienced, that I need to perhaps open a couple of entryways if conceivable.' Topic What is Presents from my Aunts in Pakistan about? * The speaker in the sonnet, who is of blended race, portrays the blessings of garments and gems sent to her in England by her Pakistani family members. * She is attracted to the perfection of these things, yet feels ungainly wearing them. She feels progressively good in English garments - denim and corduroy. * She differentiates the delightful garments and gems of India with exhausting English cardigans/from Marks and Spencer. * She attempts to recall what it resembled for her family to venture out to Britain. * Her insight into her origin, which she left as an infant, comes to her just through old photos and paper reports. * She attempts to envision what that world may resemble. Glossary Sa... ...n Hatfield around then, of a blended race foundation or to be sure from some other race, so I felt there was somewhat of a clear drawn over that. I think I had a decently normally English 50s/60s childhood. At the point when I in the long run went to Pakistan I unquestionably didn't feel that was home, I'd never felt so English. However, I never feel completely comfortable in Britain, and obviously I'm not part of the Asian people group by any means. What's more, it feels somewhat odd some of the time that as a result of the gathering of sonnets that I've expounded on my Asian foundation, I in some cases will in general be recognized as a dark author. I will in general consider England being very socially blended at this point. In any case, it's critical to know where you originate from, which is maybe what I was missing as a youngster. I believe it's critical to recognize what has gone into your creation, even very far back, I think it gives you a sense maybe of lavishness.'

How The Simpsons Affects Kids Essays - The Simpsons,

How The Simpsons Affects Kids The Simpsons is one of Americas most well known TV programs. It positions as the main TV program for watchers under eighteen years old. In any case, the beliefs that The Simpsons passes on are not constantly healthy, in some cases not even in great taste. It is unavoidable that The Simpsons is influencing kids. Matt Groening took up attracting to escape from his difficulties in 1977. At that point, Groening was working for the L.A. Peruser, a free week by week paper. He started chipping away at Life in Hell, a diverting comic strip comprising of individuals with bunny ears. The L.A. Peruser got a duplicate of his funny cartoon and enjoyed what they saw. Life in Hell step by step turned into a typical funny cartoon in many free weeklies and school papers the nation over. It even built up a clique status. (Varhola, 1) Life in Hell drew the consideration of James L. Streams, maker of works, for example, Taxi, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, and Terms of Charm. Streams initially needed Groening to make a vivified pilot of Life in Hell. Groening decided not to do as such in dread of loosing sovereignties from papers that printed the strip. Groening introduced Creeks with an overweight, going bald dad, a mother with a blue colony haircut, and three upsetting spiky haired kids. Groening planned for them to speak to the regular American family who love one another and make each other insane. Groening named the characters after his own family. His folks were named Homer and Margaret and he had two more youthful sisters named Lisa and Maggie. Bart was a re-arranged word for imp. Groening picked the last name Simpson to seem like the run of the mill American family name. (Varhola, 2) Creeks chose to put the 30 or 60 second activitys on between dramas on The Tracy Ullman Show on the fruitless Fox organize. Cast individuals Dan Castellaneta and Julie Kavner did the voices of Homer and Marge. Yeardley Smith (later to star in Herman's Head) did the voice of Lisa. Nancy Cartwright did the voice of Bart. Cartwright recently provided the voices for some, kid's shows, including Cosmic system High, Fantastic Max, Richie Rich, Snorks, Pound Puppies, My Little Pony, and Glo-Friends. Tracy Ullman later added Cartwright to her cast. (Dale and Trich, 11) Creeks, Groening, and Sam Simon, Tracy Ullman's maker, needed to transform the Simpson family into their own show. The Fox organize was searching for material to speak to more youthful watchers. The just show they had that drew a youthful crowd was Married With Youngsters. To Fox's pleasure, The Simpsons spared the system from close disappointment. (Varhola, 3) On December 17, 1989, The Simpsons got their break. The Christmas uncommon, Simpsons Roasting on an Open Fire broadcast. (Dale furthermore, Trich, 19) In the scene, Bart got a tattoo, a lot to Marge's disdain. She immediately went through the entirety of the family's Christmas cash to evacuate Bart's tattoo with a laser. Simultaneously, Homer, still on his morning short breather at 4:00 toward the evening, discovers that he will not get a Christmas reward. At the point when he discovers that Marge is depending on target for Christmas, he concludes that he will do the Christmas looking for the year. He rapidly purchases Marge undies hose, Bart paper, Lisa colored pencils, and Maggie a canine toy. At the point when he understands that he isn't doing well indeed, he finds a second line of work as a shopping center Santa for the extra cash. In transit home from work, he takes a Christmas tree. The following day at the shopping center, Bart sits on his Dad's lap and pulls down his facial hair. Homer reacts by gagging Bart and making him help make Christmas better. On Christmas Eve, Homer gets his check, $13.70 for more than 40 hours work. Homer takes Bart to the canine track as a last chance for Christmas cash. They found a pearl in the third race, Santa Clause's Little Helper. How could this canine lose on Christmas Eve? The chances were 99 to 1, they would have been rich. Homer put the entirety of his cash on Santa's Little Helper, and regrettably, he never at any point wrapped up. As Homer and Bart were scouring the parking garage for winning tickets into the night, they saw the track administrator toss

Buy a Book Report Online

Buy a Book Report Online How to Write a Book Report College Level Home›Education Posts›How to Write a Book Report College Level Education PostsWriting a book report for college might be different from the reports you used to write at high school. If you want to know how to write a book report college level, you are just at the right place â€" read on the article and find out what a premium-quality book report looks like.While at high school, you were more likely to write a summative task, in college you will be required not only to summarize the book but also provide a critical review (thus applying your analytical skills).Tips on how to write a book report college level:Prepare a summaryTo properly summarize the book and not to overlook any important details, you must read it. It might be really tempting to browse the Internet and find some brief narrations or reviews, but, believe me, your professor will detect it straightaway. With such approach, you won’t be able to provide an efficient book repor t.When you summarize the main ideas of the book, make sure you do it briefly and concisely. Do not delve too much into plot narration and description of all the events that happened to the main characters. Remember that your core part of the book review should be devoted to critical analysis. Just make sure you provide the most important information that will help the reader understand in general what you will write about. Some professors do not require a book summary in your book review at all, especially if it expected that your target audience has read the book under analysis.Switch over to the book analysisThe analysis should be the main part of the book review. Apart from providing facts from the book and narrating what you have read about, you need to logically organize your thoughts regarding the core events, symbols, motifs, characters’ interactions, etc. and provide a critical analysis. When providing the analysis, keep in mind that you won’t be able to properly cover a ll the aspects present in the book. Therefore, choose 2-3 most significant aspects that you would like to pay attention to and analyze them closely and in detail. It is recommended that you also include personal reflection or opinion. It is really important when you provide book evaluation.Going beyond the scope of the bookThis paper section is optional depending on the paper requirements, but if your professor has included this assignment into your paper description, you should definitely pinpoint how the book relates to some of the pressing issues of the modern world. When relating the book to the outside world, make sure you provide illustrative examples.Writing a conclusionMake sure you reiterate the main ideas that are worth readers’ consideration. Still, make sure you do not restate the events from the book â€" rather focus on what the analysis helped you learn or highlight. Make it clear whether the ideas expressed in the thesis statement were properly developed, discussed, and analyzed. In case you cannot cope with the book review assignment, you can always buy book reports from writing services online.Looking where to BUY AN ESSAY?Save your time and money! Use QualityCustomEssays.com professionals service to get an A+ paper Place an order get 15%offfor your first orderBook Report Writing ServiceJust imagine: you have a book report assigned to you for the next week. First, you get anxious but then you realize it’s all not that bad as you can always browse some critique on the Internet and then masterfully compose the information into a coherent paper. Still, when half the deadline passes, you are not as sure about this task at all and keep wondering how to do a book report. Now it’s the time when you find out that you should have actually read that book when you had time. So, probably you want to buy book reports from our service?Sure, you may think that it’s not worth the money paid as you can search some information in Wikipedia, Cliff Notes or Spark Notes, but the thing is that your professor will detect this “rewriting” straightaway. Professors have years of experience in academic writing and it is perfectly obvious to them when the analysis is conducted by a student and when it is taken from online sources.How to do a book report without spending too much time and effort? Buy the book report from our writing service! We guarantee that you will be fully satisfied with the final result. When buying a book report from us, you will enjoy the following benefits:You will receive a plagiarism-free book reportWe provide our customers with a guarantee that they will receive original papers that are thus free from plagiarism. Our writers provide each paper according to individual requirements and make sure proper research is conducted. When there is a need to consult outside sources, our company’s writers make sure that the information is properly quoted or cited (according to the required citation style). As such, the book report ordered from us will pass any plagiarism checker.You will be able to buy book reports at an affordable priceOur company is so popular among students from all over the world because we offer high-quality service for a reasonable price. We fully realize how important it is for students to save money and resources. Thus, we have created a service that an average student can afford. Besides, the prices are really cheap for such an outstanding quality of papers. We employ native speakers of English and make sure that the writers we hire are well-versed in academic writing and have excellent skills in literature as it is our ultimate responsibility to make sure your grades in literature class are excellent. You will no longer have to question yourself how to do a book report.You can  buy book reports at any time 24/7Even if you need to place the order urgently at night as you need the paper in the morning, you can totally do it on our website. As soon as you place the order, y ou will be contacted by our customer support center to discuss other order details. If the paper is needed urgently, the price will be higher than for a longer deadline, but we assure you that it will be written in the best way.

Napoleon Bonaparte and The Legacy of the French revolution...

Founded on three fundamental principles of equality, fraternity and liberty, the French revolution spanned from 1789-1799. The revolution was a historical world landmark for the massive bloodshed and intensity of the revolution. The country was torn apart by political and religious turmoil which had persisted for over a decade. The revolution began due to the resentment of feudalism, civil inequality and religious intolerance that was present in France. The people of the revolution wanted France to establish a new political and social system where all people could enjoy equality, and pushed for government centralization, abolition of feudalism, religious tolerance and equality in the access to different careers. It was a struggle against†¦show more content†¦Napoleon’s reign was founded on a republic democracy where the voice of the citizens could be heard and where every citizen had a say. His Rein sought to unravel a social revolution that would be the pathway to t he achievements of fraternity and equality for all French citizens. In the advent of his reign, Napoleon’s regime managed to abolish and suppress feudalism which was highly resented. The access to careers was now open to everyone who had the ability and desire to practice in a particular field regardless of social status. The assignment of careers was no longer based on if you were nobility or not but all people were considered for any opportunity from the same platform with no one having an advantage over someone because of their family name. Napoleon’s administrative debut brought to an end to this treacherous era and managed to create a platform for the desired order and stability in and attempt to unite France. The success of any country is based largely on the unity of its members. â€Å"Napoleon attempted to unify every group in France: the à ©migrà ©s and the revolutionaries, serving as an immediate mediator between the pre and post-revolutionary France. The reforms by Napoleon were all inherited from the revolution and consolidated in the country. By meting out theShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of Napoleon Bonaparte And The French Revolution1107 Words   |  5 PagesNapoleon Bonaparte was a military general and the an emperor of France who is now considered one of the worlds greatest and one of the world’s most controversial military leaders. Napoleon revolutionized military organization, sponsored the Napoleonic Code, and also reorganized education and established the long-lived Napoleon code with the papacy. (pbs.org, nov 27, 2016) Napoleon’s many reformations left a lasting mark on the institutions of France and of much of western Europe. But his drivingRead MoreThe French Revolution: Napoleon Essay954 Words   |  4 Pages The French Revolution was a period of social and political turmoil in France from 1789 to 1799 that greatly affected modern and French history. It marked the decline of powerful monarchies and the rise of democracy, individual rights and nationalism. This revolution came with many consequences because of the strive for power and wealth, but also had many influential leaders attempting to initiate change in the French government and the economy. In 1789 the people of France dismissed King Louis XVIRead MoreThe Mistakes of the Brilliant General, Napoleon Bonaparte Essays1026 Words   |  5 PagesThe assumption held by many that Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant general and an exceptional leader is debatable when the Frenchman’s many mistakes are revealed. Bonaparte was born to a wealthy family with previous political connections (Wilde 1). He entered a military academy at only nine years old and entered the French Army Artillery Regiment seven years later (Wilde 1). As Bonaparte moved up in the military ranks, he made himself known with his political opinions and his successful leadershipRead MoreWas Napoleon the Child of the Revolution?1319 Words   |  6 Pages1769, Napoleon Bonaparte, the son of a poor Corsican noble was born and so began the legend of Napoleon Bonaparte. Many ask to this day, Was Napoleon a child of the revolution? What Napoleon achieved and gave to the world after the French Revolution had been won truly gave the world a new sight of mind. To first determine that Napoleon was in fact a child of the revolution you must first look at both sides of the argument. You must first ask yourself, what one means by the Revolution. InRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte A Hero Or A Villain?1624 Words   |  7 Pagesin the fact that Napoleon Bonaparte was a significant character in France. However, there have been debates among historians for years around the central question: â€Å"Was Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain?† The answer here relies on how one looks upon the situation. Was Napoleon Bonaparte a savior to the French, or was he a tyrant to the French? Although many historians’ answers do rely deeply onto perspective, their answers also lie within which stage of life Napoleon Bonaparte was in, as wellRead MoreNapoleon Bonaparte : The Downfall Of The French Revolution702 Words   |  3 Pages Napoleon Bonaparte was a military leader whose fame reached his peak in the French Revolution. He would serve as t he Emperor of France from 1804-1814; He would resume this role in 1815 during the Hundred Days. He would become one of the most successful emperors in all of France and world history. He would win many wars and build a huge empire that ruled across Europe. His legacy has been analyzed by historians and learned by students in modern time. Napoleon Bonaparte was born on AugustRead MoreNapoleon s Accomplishments And Life Story1333 Words   |  6 Pagesstature, Napoleon Bonaparte’s accomplishments and life story are gigantic in comparison. Even though some of Napoleon’s actions were autocratic, his ability to move his country forward was incredible. There are more books written about Napoleon than any other historical figure in the world; more than Julius Caesar, Muhammad, and even Jesus Christ. (Markham) Napoleon came to power at a perfect opportunistic time because France was in need of a new ruler to guide their country after the French RevolutionRead MoreRollercoaster of Arts and Architecture Brought About by Napolean Bonaparte1083 Words   |  5 Pagesbecause of the rule of Napoleon Bonaparte. Soon enough art would become a way for people, (even those without high-level education) to express themselves. The new styles of architecture and visual arts that Napoleon introduced in France sparked new eras of art like Romanticism that he used to make himself popular; it caused Napoleon to be noticed, not just because of his military conquests, but also because of his artistic vision and innovation. The rule of Napoleon Bonaparte was spectacular becauseRead MoreWas Napoleon Bonaparte a Hero or a Villain? Essays1354 Words   |  6 PagesWas Napoleon Bonaparte a hero or a villain? During the Napoleonic Era, from 1799 to 1815, France became a military power gaining and controlling land throughout Europe. While some historians believe Napoleon Bonaparte was a ruthless dictator, his military accomplishments far outweigh any atrocities he committed. He helped France gain stability after the French Revolution and he also abolished the Feudal contract. Napoleon was a brilliant strategist using military tactics to cause fear and toRead More Napoleon Betrayed the Revolution Essay1320 Words   |  6 PagesNapoleon Betrayed the Revolution In order to investigate the claim that ‘Napoleon betrayed the revolution’, it has to be determined what is the French revolution? And what are the revolutionary ideals that Napoleon allegedly betrayed? If Napoleon betrayed the Revolution then he betrayed the ideals of liberty, equality and fraternity. However if Napoleon did not betray the revolution, he consolidated the revolutionary ideals. The only way of determining whether Napoleon consolidated or betrayed

Effects Of Depression On The Elderly - 1721 Words

After the loss of a loved one, people experience a period of grief that usually includes unpleasant thoughts, emotional distress, and withdrawal from normal daily activities. These unstable emotions can be a sign of depression. Depression can be treated by medication, support, therapy and leisure activities. Issues Caring for the Elderly After the loss of Georges’ wife, bereavement or normal grief would be considered normal. Bereavement usually decreases after one to two years and may return around holidays or special occasions. Although grieving after the loss of a loved one is normal, George is also showing signs of abnormal grief which such as poor grooming, not wanting to interact with his grandchildren who love him so much and†¦show more content†¦Although confidentiality is vital to building a trusting relationship with George, there may be measures that require George’s information, protecting as much as possible, to be released. For an example, when confidentiality would cause serious harm to the George or others, when agency guidelines state otherwise, or under other stated conditions (e.g., local, state, or federal laws). George would be informed at the beginning of the counseling relationship of those areas that limit professional confidentiality (Corey, 2011). George is covered under Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPPA). Michael, Georges’ son, brought him into the agency to seek therapy and HIPAA will not allow Michael to be in the room without George’s written and signed consent. George’s personal information and conversations are confidential not unless otherwise stated by a judge that George is incompetent and Michael has power of attorney outlining what he can do that will be in the best interest of his father (Corey, 2011). Initial Treatment Goals George shows signs of having emotional problems that he has expressed. Some signs are feelings of abandonment and detachment and depression. He had no prior history of depression but when George was a child his father

Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Frida Kahlo Free Essays

â€Å"It is difficult to get a sense of an artist’s practice on the basis of one work† (Art world Magazine) The works of both Picasso and Kahlo are recognised worldwide and are typified by their unique styles that portray their expressive meaning, both artists worked in the modern art movement of Surrealism fusing the dream world with reality. Their lives were intrinsically linked to their conceptual frameworks which related to world events, politics and life experiences. Both artists explore a variety of concepts through their works and it is difficult to know the artist’s practice on the basis of one work this is why exploring a series of works helps to get a clearer understanding of how the artists works and how their conceptual framework relates to the artists practice. We will write a custom essay sample on Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Frida Kahlo or any similar topic only for you Order Now Picasso worked in the surrealist/cubist movement and was known for his works that portrayed his views on life experiences and world events. Examples of this in his diverse range of works would be his masterpiece titled â€Å"Guernica† Oil on canvas 349 cm ? 776 cm (137. 4 in ? 305. 5 in) (1937). Picasso’s purpose in painting it was to bring the world’s attention to the bombing of the Basque town of Guernica by German bombers, who were supporting the Nationalist forces of General Franco during the Spanish Civil War. This artwork deals with the subjective frame because it uses the artwork as a conduit for the artist’s experience, as the artwork is intrinsically linked to deeply felt emotional experiences. Although Picasso was austere about how his works should be viewed saying â€Å"I object to the idea that there should be three or four ways of interpreting my pictures there ought to be no more than one†. This is evident through his reoccurring symbolism and motifs used in his body of work known as the Blue period (1901–1904) which consisted of somber paintings using dark blue tones with the subject matter referring to the wretchedness and loneliness of women, these works were motivated by the suicide of his close friend Carlos Casagemas. Picasso’s painting â€Å"Self-portrait with Cloak† Oil on canvas 81 x 60 cm (1901) is an example of the work produced in the Blue period. The painting is similar to a Van Gough style portrait as it shows him wearing a dark coat; the colours of the painting coincide with the theme of blue and depression, which allows the viewer to relate to his personal state of mind. Following the blue period came the Rose period (1904-1906), this period contrasted drastically to the blue period with vibrant colours such as orange and pink, the subject matter changed as well consisting of circus performers, harlequins and acrobats. A example of the works in this is period is (Boy with a Pipe), 1905 Oil on canvas, 100 ? 81. cm. This vivid work depicts a Parisian boy holding a pipe in his left hand and wearing a wreath of flowers. Picasso’s conceptual framework was quite diverse and changed over periods of time; he created a diverse array of works linking life experiences, an example of this would be the transition from the somber, depressing blue period which reflected his personal state at that time to the upbeat and cheerful ro se period contained vibrant colours reflecting his newfound happiness in life. This evolution of works shows us that you cannot get sense of his artist practice on the basis of one work. Frida Kahlo is another surrealist artist Mexican culture is prominent in her works. She works in the†I paint myself because I am so often alone and because I am the subject I know best† (Frida Kahlo) this statement shows how the structural frame influences her work and describes her form of painting self portraits. Her artists practice involves exploration of identity as you can follow the development of her subject matter through her extensive production of self portraits. Although her form is limited to self portraits her artists practice cannot be identified on the basis of one painting, her works depict her journey through life like an autobiography. One of the defining moments of her life was when she was 18 and got in a serious car accident, she was permanently disabled, an example of Frida using her work to express her life experiences would be the painting titledâ€Å"The Bus†. 929. Oil on canvas. 26 x 56 cm. The painting depicts various classes in Mexican society and also makes reference to the accident that occurred that changed her life. Her use of self portraits helps to depict the evolution of herself throughout life, this is shown through her portraits such as The Two Fridas, 1939, Oil on canvas, 67†³ x 67. This portrait was painted after her divorce to Diego Rivera sh ows the emotional separation felt after their separation. How to cite Pablo Ruiz Picasso and Frida Kahlo, Papers

Social Facts Essay Example

Social Facts Essay A. Social Facts Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual (Hadden, p. 104). While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, p. 78). They cannot be deduced from pure reason or thought, but require a study of history and society in order to observe their effects and understand the nature of these social facts. In The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim begins by noting features such as the following (quote 3): Social Facts. When I fulfil my obligations as brother, husband, or citizen, when I execute my contracts, I perform duties which are defined, externally to myself and my acts, in law and in custom. Even if they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectively, such reality is still objective, for I did not create them; I merely inherited them through my education. (Rules, p. 1). As examples of social facts, Durkheim cites religious beliefs, currency used to undertake transactions, and factors such as the practices followed in my profession (Rules, p. 2). These types of conduct or thought are not only external to the individual but are, moreover, endowed with coercive power, by virtue of which they impose themselves upon him, independent of his individual will. (Rules, p. 2). While obligations, values, attitudes, and beliefs may appear to be individual, Durkheim argues that these social facts exist at the level of society as a whole, arising from social relationships and human association. They exist as a result of social interactions and historical developments over long periods of time, and come from varying collective representations and diverse forms of social organization (Hadden, p. 04). As individuals who are born and raised in a society, these social facts are learned (through socialization) and generally accepted, but the individual has nothing to do with establishing these. While society is composed of individuals, society is not just the sum of individuals, and these facts exist at the level of society, not at the individua l level. As such, these social facts do exist, they are the social reality of society, a reality that constitutes the proper study of sociology (Cuff et al. , p. 33). The study of social facts is the distinct object or subject matter of sociology (Hadden, p. 105). Durkheim istinguishes social facts from psychological, biological, or economic facts by noting that these are social and rooted in group sentiments and values. At the same time, he distinguishes the study of social facts from philosophy by noting that the real effects of social facts are manifested in external indicators of sentiments such as religious doctrines, laws, moral codes (Hadden, p. 105) and these effects can be observed and studied by the sociologist. The study of social facts is thus a large part of the study of sociology. In order to do this, the sociologist must rid themselves of preconceptions (Hadden, p. 07) and undertake objective study which can focus on objective, external indicators such as religious do ctrines or laws (Hadden, p. 107). Each social fact is real, something that is constraining on the individual and external to the actor. The social fact is not just in the mind of the individual – that is, these facts are more than psychological facts. That these exist in society as a whole, over time, and sometimes across societies, provides some proof of this. At the same time they are in the minds of individuals so they are also mental states. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ritzer notes that social facts can be considered to be mental phenomena that are external to and coercive of psychological facts, such as human instincts. The individual mental state could be considered to intervene between social fact and action (Ritzer, p. 105). Durkheim may not have provided a sufficient analysis of the assumptions underlying, or the characteristics of, these mental states. For Durkheim the study of sociology should be the study of social facts, attempting to find the causes of social facts and the functions of these social facts. Social facts regulate human social action and act as constraints over individual behaviour and action. They may be enforced with law, with clearly defined penalties associated with violation of the sentiments and values of the group. Sanctions may be associated with social facts, for example as in religion, where resistance may result in disapproval from others or from spiritual leaders. Individuals may be unaware of social facts and generally accept them. In this case, individuals may accept the values and codes of society and accept them as their own. Two types of social facts are material and non-material social facts. Material social facts are features of society such as social structures and institutions. These could be the system of law, the economy, church and many aspects of religion, the state, and educational institutions and structures. They could also include features such as channels of communication, urban structures, and population distribution. While these are important for understanding the structures and form of interaction in any society, it is nonmaterial social facts that constitute the main subject of study of sociology. Nonmaterial social facts are social facts which do not have a material reality. They consist of features such as norms, values, and systems of morality. Some contemporary examples are the norm of the one to three child family, the positive values associated with family structures, and the negative associations connected to aggression and anger. In Durkheims terminology, some of these nonmaterial social facts are morality, collective consciousness, and social currents. An example of the latter is Durkheims analysis of suicide. Social facts can also be divided into normal and pathological social facts (Hadden, pp. 08-9). Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and useful social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life. Pathological social facts are those that we might associate with social problems and ills of various types. Suicide is one example of this, where social facts ought to be different. For Durkheim, the much greater frequency of the normal is proof of the superiority of the normal. Durkheim later modified the notion of a single collective consciousness, and adopted the view that there were collective representations as part of specific states of substrata of the collective. That is, there may be different norms and values for different groups within society. These collective representations are also social facts because they are in the consciousness of some collective and are not reducible to individual consciousnesses (Ritzer, p. 87). The social structures, institutions, norms and values that have become part of the study of sociology can be derived from Durkheims approach, and today there is little difficulty distinguishing sociology from psychology. B. Suicide After Durkheim wrote The Rules of Sociological Method, he tackled the subject of suicide as an example of how a sociologist can study a subject that seems extremely personal, with no social aspect to it – even being anti-social. It could be argued that suicide is such a personal act that it involves only personal psychology and purely individual thought processes. Durkheims aim was not to explain or predict an individual tendency to suicide, but to explain one type of nonmaterial social facts, social currents. Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some parts of collective consciousness or collective representation have. They may be associated with movements such as enthusiasm, indignation, and pity. (Ritzer, p. 87). Hadden notes that Durkheim wished to show that sociological factors were capable of explaining much about such anti-social phenomena (Hadden, p. 109). In the case of suicide, these social currents are expressed as suicide rates, rates that differ among societies, and among different groups in society. These rates show regularities over time, with changes in the rates often occurring at similar times in different societies. Thus these rates can be said to be social facts (or at least the statistical representation of social facts) in the sense that they are not just personal, but are societal characteristics. This can be seen in the following quote (quote 12): Suicide Rates as Social Facts. At each moment of its history, therefore, each society has a definite aptitude for suicide. The relative intensity of this aptitude is measured by taking the proportion between the total number of voluntary deaths and the population of every age and sex. We will call this numerical datum the rate of mortality through suicide, characteristic of the society under consideration. The suicide-rate is therefore a factual order, unified and definite, as is shown by both its permanence and its variability. For this permanence would be inexplicable if it were not the result of a group of distinct characteristics, solidary with one another, and simultaneously effective in spite of different attendant circumstances; and this variability proves the concrete and individual quality of these same characteristics, since they vary with the individual character of society itself. In short, these statistical data express the suicidal tendency with which each society is collectively afflicted. Each society is predisposed to contribute a definite quota of voluntary deaths. This predisposition may therefore be the subject of a special study belonging to sociology. (Suicide, pp. 48, 51). Durkheim takes up the analysis of suicide in a very quantitative and statistical manner. While he did not have available to him very precise or complete data or sophisticated statistical techniques, his method is exemplary in showing how to test hypotheses, reject incorrect explanations for suicide, sort through a great variety of ossible explanations, and attempt to control for extraneous factors. Some of the factors that others had used to explain suicide were heredity, climate, race, individual psychopathic states (mental illness), and imitation. As an example of Durkheims method, consider how he analyzes cosmic factors, such as weather or season. Durkheim (Suicide, p. 107) no tes that in all countries suicide is greater in the summer months, that no country is an exception to this, and that the proportion of suicides in the six warmer months to the six colder months is very similar in each country. Durkheim notes that this has led some commentators to say the heat increases the excitability of the nervous system (Suicide, p. 108). But suicide may result from depression as much as from over-excitement, and heat cannot possibly act the same way on both causes. Further, a closer analysis by Durkheim considers temperature variations and shows that while suicides increase in number as temperature increases, suicides reach a peak before the temperature does. In addition, if temperature is a cause of suicide, warm countries might be expected to have more suicides than cold countries, but the opposite tends to be the case. A related explanation that Durkheim considers is that great changes in temperature are associated with suicide, but again he finds that there is no correlation between suicide rates and the fact of temperature change. Rather, the causes must be in some factor that has continuity over time. He then notes that the rates are more closely connected to the length of day, with suicides increasing as the days grow longer, and decreasing in number as the length of day declines. But it is not the sun itself which is the cause, because at noontime there are fewer suicides than at other times of the day. What Durkheim finds is that the factors associated with higher numbers of suicides must be those that relate to the time when social life is at its height (Suicide, p. 119). The time of day, the day of week, the season of the year, and so on, are not in themselves the reason for the changes in the number of suicides. Rather, the times when social life and interaction among people are greater, are also those associated with increased suicide. Durkheim concludes this section by saying (quote 13): Four Types of Suicide The manner in which social integration and regulation work can be better seen by examining the four fold classification of suicides that Durkheim developed. Durkheim ends his discussion of the organic-psychic and physical environmental factors by concluding that they cannot explain each social group[s] specific tendency to suicide. (Suicide, p. 145). By eliminating other explanations, Durkheim claims that these tendencies must depend on social causes and must be collective phenomena. The key to each type is a social factor, with the degrees of integration and regulation into society being either too high or too low. (The following discussion is drawn from Ritzer, pp. 90 ff. ). 1. Egoistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs where the degree of social integration is low, and there is a sense of meaningless among individuals. In traditional societies, with mechanical solidarity, this is not likely to be the cause of suicide. There the strong collective consciousness gives people a broad sense of meaning to their lives. Within modern society, the weaker collective consciousness means that people may not see the same meaning in their lives, and unrestrained pursuit of individual interests may lead to strong dissatisfaction. One of the results of this can be suicide. Individuals who are strongly integrated into a family structure, a religious group, or some other type of integrative group are less likely to encounter these problems, and that explains the lower suicide rates among them. The factors leading to egoistic suicide can be social currents such as depression and disillusionment. For Durkheim, these are social forces or social facts, even though it is the depressed or melancholy individual who takes his or her life voluntarily. Actors are never free of the force of the collectivity: However individualized a man may be, there is always something collective remaining – the very depression and melancholy resulting from this same exaggerated individualism. Also, on p. 214 of Suicide, Durkheim says Thence are formed currents of depression and disillusionment emanating from no particular individual but expressing societys state of disillusionment. Durkheim notes that the bond attaching man to life relaxes because that attaching him to society is itself slack. The individual yields to the slightest shock of circumstance because the state of society has made him a ready prey to suicide. (Suicide, pp. 214-215). 2. Altruistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs when integration is too great, the collective consciousness too strong, and the indivi dual is forced into committing suicide. (Ritzer, p. 91). Integration may not be the direct cause of suicide here, but the social currents that go along with this very high degree of integration can lead to this. The followers of Jim Jones of the People’s Temple or the members of the Solar Temple are an example of this, as are ritual suicides in Japan. Ritzer notes that some may feel it is their duty to commit suicide. (p. 91). Examples in primitive society cited by Durkheim are suicides of those who are old and sick, suicides of women following the death of their husband, and suicides of followers after the death of a chief. According to Durkheim this type of suicide may actually springs from hope, for it depends on the belief in beautiful perspectives beyond this life. 3. Anomic Suicide. Anomie or anomy come from the Greek meaning lawlessness. Nomos means usage, custom, or law and nemein means to distribute. Anomy thus is social instability resulting from breakdown of standards and values. (Websters Dictionary). This is a type of suicide related to too low a degree of regulation, or external constraint on people. As with the anomic division of labour, this can occur when the normal form of the division of labour is disrupted, and the collectivity is temporarily incapable of exercising its authority over individuals. (Ritzer, p. 92). This can occur either during periods associated with economic depression (stock market crash of the 1930s) or over-rapid economic expansion. New situations with few norms, the regulative effect of structures is weakened, and the individual may feel rootless. In this situation, an individual may be subject to anomic social currents. People that are freed from constraints become slaves to their passions, and as a result, according to Durkheims view, commit a wide range of destructive acts, including killing themselves in greater numbers than they ordinarily would. (Ritzer, p. , 92). In addition to economic anomie, Durkheim also spends time examining domestic anomie. For example, suicides of family members may occur after the death of a husband or wife. 4. Fatalistic Suicide. When regulation is too strong, Durkheim considers the possibility that persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions v iolently choked by oppressive discipline may see no way out. The individual sees no possible manner in which their lives can be improved, and when in a state of melancholy, may be subject to social currents of fatalistic suicide. Summary. Durkheims analysis of suicide shows the manner n which the social as opposed to the psychological and biological can be emphasized, and how it results in some useful ways of analyzing the actions of individuals. Suicide rates as expressions of social currents are social facts that affect societies and individuals within those societies. The study of psychology is still useful in attempting to determine individual motives and the mann er in which the specific circumstances can lead to an individual deciding to voluntarily end their life. But an analysis of these circumstances should be set within the context of the social currents to which that individual is subject. The method of analysis of Durkheim should prove useful even today. In terms of suicide, the social causes are now well recognized, and any analysis of suicide would have to include these. Some combination of egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic types of suicide may help explain and understand this phenomenon. More generally, the method of Suicide is exemplary in providing researchers with a means of understanding the social factors that are associated with particular phenomena. Durkheim examines patterns on the data in an attempt to determine how social factors can play a role in explaining these phenomena. This might be applied to sociobiological arguments today. The trends themselves are not the cause, but indicative of a cause, a social explanation has to be found. C. Conclusions about Durkheim 1. Contributions a. Social Facts and Social Aspects. These are real things that do affect people. He had a strong structural view of society, and the manner in which each of us is influenced by these social facts and how we must fit into these. Durkheim attempted to see a role for the social as distinguished from the economic, psychological and biological. This can be seen in his view of the social influences on suicide rates, where he takes a wide variety of factors and considers their influence on the tendency or aptitude for suicide. The effect of each of these factors is not a simple connection between the factor and the tendency to suicide, but must be mediated by social factors. In particular, the social factors that he identified were the degree of integration and the degree of regulation. For modern theories of sociobiology, and the influence of genetics, Durkheims approach could prove a useful counter. References Cuff, E. C. , W. W. Sharrock and D. W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third edition, London, Routledge, 1992. HM66 P36 1984 Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society, New York, The Free Press, 1933. Referred to in notes as Division. HD 51 D98 Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, New York, The Free Press, 1938. Referred to in notes as Rules. HM 24 D962 Durkheim, Emile, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1951. Referred to in notes as Suicide. HV 6545 D812 Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971. HM19 G53. Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992. HM24 R4938. Social Explanation. If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. To be sure, this greater intensity derives from the greater ease of development of social life in the Summer than in the Winter, owing to the suns position , the state of the atmosphere, etc. But the physical environment does not stimulate it directly; above all, it has no effect on the progression of suicide. The latter depends on social conditions. Suicide, pp. 121-122). While this is not a proof or determination of what causes suicide yet, Durkheim notes that the causes must relate to collective life and must be such that these time factors can be incorporated into an explanation. But the explanation must be social in nature, and cannot be simply related to natural factors, these natural factors must work socially, and affe ct some social aspects which are related to suicide. Note that Durkheim s method here is very empirical, and he searches through various sorts of data and evidence to find factors associated with suicide. But the explanation is not simply a relation between these data and suicides. Rather he is searching for social causes or conditions that are expressed through these. That is, he uses data to discover patterns, but the patterns themselves are not the cause of the phenomenon. Rather the cause is social, and the observed, empirical patterns constitute a means of finding underlying causes. Another factor that Durkheim considers is religion. While he does find that religion is associated with suicide, in the sense that Protestant countries and regions have higher suicide rates than do Catholic ones, religious doctrines are not an important factor in explaining these differences. That is, suicide is condemned more or less equally in each religion, and doctrinal statements concerning suicide are all negative. If there is a difference between the two religions with respect to suicide rates, it must be in some aspect of social organization that differs between the two churches. But if this is the factor related to suicide, then it is the social organization that is the cause of the difference, not religion in itself. Giddens notes (p. 83) that Durkheim finds further proof of this in other factors related to social organization, that is, family structure. Where there is more integration in family structure, the suicides are lesser in number. Durkheim argues that the most important aspects of social organization and collective life for explaining differences in suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. For Durkheim, integration is the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people. (Ritzer, p. 90). Catholicism is a more highly integrated religion than Protestantism, and it is in this that the difference in suicide rates is expressed. That is, it is not the religious doctrines themselves but the different social organization of the two religions. As Giddens notes (p. 83), degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides. Those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. Over time, various social factors also make their influence felt. Durkheim notes that there was a decline in the number of suicides in all the European countries in 1848, a year of revolution and political change throughout Europe. Times of political crisis, war, and economic change are also associated with changes in the rate of suicide. Each of these great social movements could be considered to be examples of social currents that have widespread impact within and across societies. Ritzer (p. 89) notes that Durkheim was making two arguments. First, he argued that different collectivities have different collective consciousness or collective representation. These produce different social currents, and these lead to different suicide rates. By studying different groups and societies, some of these currents can be analyzed, and the effect of these on suicide can be determined. Second, changes in the collective consciousness lead to changes in social currents. These are then associated with changes in suicide rates (quote 14): Sociological Explanation. The conclusion from all these facts is that the social suicide-rate can be explained only sociologically. At any given moment the moral constitution of society established the contingent of voluntary deaths. There is, therefore, for each people a collective force of a definite amount of energy, impelling men to self-destruction. The victims acts which at first seem to express only his personal temperament are really the supplement and prolongation of a social condition which they express externally. Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society under consideration with the tendencies to languorous melancholy, active renunciation or exasperated weariness derivative from these currents. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide. The private experiences usually thought to be the proximate causes of suicide have only the influence borrowed from the victims moral predisposition, itself and echo of the moral state of society. (Suicide, pp. 299-300). Social Facts Essay Example Social Facts Essay A. Social Facts Durkheim defined social facts as things external to, and coercive of, the actor. These are created from collective forces and do not emanate from the individual (Hadden, p. 104). While they may not seem to be observable, social facts are things, and are to be studied empirically, not philosophically (Ritzer, p. 78). They cannot be deduced from pure reason or thought, but require a study of history and society in order to observe their effects and understand the nature of these social facts. In The Rules of Sociological Method, Durkheim begins by noting features such as the following (quote 3): Social Facts. When I fulfil my obligations as brother, husband, or citizen, when I execute my contracts, I perform duties which are defined, externally to myself and my acts, in law and in custom. Even if they conform to my own sentiments and I feel their reality subjectively, such reality is still objective, for I did not create them; I merely inherited them through my education. (Rules, p. 1). As examples of social facts, Durkheim cites religious beliefs, currency used to undertake transactions, and factors such as the practices followed in my profession (Rules, p. 2). These types of conduct or thought are not only external to the individual but are, moreover, endowed with coercive power, by virtue of which they impose themselves upon him, independent of his individual will. (Rules, p. 2). While obligations, values, attitudes, and beliefs may appear to be individual, Durkheim argues that these social facts exist at the level of society as a whole, arising from social relationships and human association. They exist as a result of social interactions and historical developments over long periods of time, and come from varying collective representations and diverse forms of social organization (Hadden, p. 04). As individuals who are born and raised in a society, these social facts are learned (through socialization) and generally accepted, but the individual has nothing to do with establishing these. While society is composed of individuals, society is not just the sum of individuals, and these facts exist at the level of society, not at the individua l level. As such, these social facts do exist, they are the social reality of society, a reality that constitutes the proper study of sociology (Cuff et al. , p. 33). The study of social facts is the distinct object or subject matter of sociology (Hadden, p. 105). Durkheim istinguishes social facts from psychological, biological, or economic facts by noting that these are social and rooted in group sentiments and values. At the same time, he distinguishes the study of social facts from philosophy by noting that the real effects of social facts are manifested in external indicators of sentiments such as religious doctrines, laws, moral codes (Hadden, p. 105) and these effects can be observed and studied by the sociologist. The study of social facts is thus a large part of the study of sociology. In order to do this, the sociologist must rid themselves of preconceptions (Hadden, p. 07) and undertake objective study which can focus on objective, external indicators such as religious do ctrines or laws (Hadden, p. 107). Each social fact is real, something that is constraining on the individual and external to the actor. The social fact is not just in the mind of the individual – that is, these facts are more than psychological facts. That these exist in society as a whole, over time, and sometimes across societies, provides some proof of this. At the same time they are in the minds of individuals so they are also mental states. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Social Facts specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Ritzer notes that social facts can be considered to be mental phenomena that are external to and coercive of psychological facts, such as human instincts. The individual mental state could be considered to intervene between social fact and action (Ritzer, p. 105). Durkheim may not have provided a sufficient analysis of the assumptions underlying, or the characteristics of, these mental states. For Durkheim the study of sociology should be the study of social facts, attempting to find the causes of social facts and the functions of these social facts. Social facts regulate human social action and act as constraints over individual behaviour and action. They may be enforced with law, with clearly defined penalties associated with violation of the sentiments and values of the group. Sanctions may be associated with social facts, for example as in religion, where resistance may result in disapproval from others or from spiritual leaders. Individuals may be unaware of social facts and generally accept them. In this case, individuals may accept the values and codes of society and accept them as their own. Two types of social facts are material and non-material social facts. Material social facts are features of society such as social structures and institutions. These could be the system of law, the economy, church and many aspects of religion, the state, and educational institutions and structures. They could also include features such as channels of communication, urban structures, and population distribution. While these are important for understanding the structures and form of interaction in any society, it is nonmaterial social facts that constitute the main subject of study of sociology. Nonmaterial social facts are social facts which do not have a material reality. They consist of features such as norms, values, and systems of morality. Some contemporary examples are the norm of the one to three child family, the positive values associated with family structures, and the negative associations connected to aggression and anger. In Durkheims terminology, some of these nonmaterial social facts are morality, collective consciousness, and social currents. An example of the latter is Durkheims analysis of suicide. Social facts can also be divided into normal and pathological social facts (Hadden, pp. 08-9). Normal social facts are the most widely distributed and useful social facts, assisting in the maintenance of society and social life. Pathological social facts are those that we might associate with social problems and ills of various types. Suicide is one example of this, where social facts ought to be different. For Durkheim, the much greater frequency of the normal is proof of the superiority of the normal. Durkheim later modified the notion of a single collective consciousness, and adopted the view that there were collective representations as part of specific states of substrata of the collective. That is, there may be different norms and values for different groups within society. These collective representations are also social facts because they are in the consciousness of some collective and are not reducible to individual consciousnesses (Ritzer, p. 87). The social structures, institutions, norms and values that have become part of the study of sociology can be derived from Durkheims approach, and today there is little difficulty distinguishing sociology from psychology. B. Suicide After Durkheim wrote The Rules of Sociological Method, he tackled the subject of suicide as an example of how a sociologist can study a subject that seems extremely personal, with no social aspect to it – even being anti-social. It could be argued that suicide is such a personal act that it involves only personal psychology and purely individual thought processes. Durkheims aim was not to explain or predict an individual tendency to suicide, but to explain one type of nonmaterial social facts, social currents. Social currents are characteristics of society, but may not have the permanence and stability that some parts of collective consciousness or collective representation have. They may be associated with movements such as enthusiasm, indignation, and pity. (Ritzer, p. 87). Hadden notes that Durkheim wished to show that sociological factors were capable of explaining much about such anti-social phenomena (Hadden, p. 109). In the case of suicide, these social currents are expressed as suicide rates, rates that differ among societies, and among different groups in society. These rates show regularities over time, with changes in the rates often occurring at similar times in different societies. Thus these rates can be said to be social facts (or at least the statistical representation of social facts) in the sense that they are not just personal, but are societal characteristics. This can be seen in the following quote (quote 12): Suicide Rates as Social Facts. At each moment of its history, therefore, each society has a definite aptitude for suicide. The relative intensity of this aptitude is measured by taking the proportion between the total number of voluntary deaths and the population of every age and sex. We will call this numerical datum the rate of mortality through suicide, characteristic of the society under consideration. The suicide-rate is therefore a factual order, unified and definite, as is shown by both its permanence and its variability. For this permanence would be inexplicable if it were not the result of a group of distinct characteristics, solidary with one another, and simultaneously effective in spite of different attendant circumstances; and this variability proves the concrete and individual quality of these same characteristics, since they vary with the individual character of society itself. In short, these statistical data express the suicidal tendency with which each society is collectively afflicted. Each society is predisposed to contribute a definite quota of voluntary deaths. This predisposition may therefore be the subject of a special study belonging to sociology. (Suicide, pp. 48, 51). Durkheim takes up the analysis of suicide in a very quantitative and statistical manner. While he did not have available to him very precise or complete data or sophisticated statistical techniques, his method is exemplary in showing how to test hypotheses, reject incorrect explanations for suicide, sort through a great variety of ossible explanations, and attempt to control for extraneous factors. Some of the factors that others had used to explain suicide were heredity, climate, race, individual psychopathic states (mental illness), and imitation. As an example of Durkheims method, consider how he analyzes cosmic factors, such as weather or season. Durkheim (Suicide, p. 107) no tes that in all countries suicide is greater in the summer months, that no country is an exception to this, and that the proportion of suicides in the six warmer months to the six colder months is very similar in each country. Durkheim notes that this has led some commentators to say the heat increases the excitability of the nervous system (Suicide, p. 108). But suicide may result from depression as much as from over-excitement, and heat cannot possibly act the same way on both causes. Further, a closer analysis by Durkheim considers temperature variations and shows that while suicides increase in number as temperature increases, suicides reach a peak before the temperature does. In addition, if temperature is a cause of suicide, warm countries might be expected to have more suicides than cold countries, but the opposite tends to be the case. A related explanation that Durkheim considers is that great changes in temperature are associated with suicide, but again he finds that there is no correlation between suicide rates and the fact of temperature change. Rather, the causes must be in some factor that has continuity over time. He then notes that the rates are more closely connected to the length of day, with suicides increasing as the days grow longer, and decreasing in number as the length of day declines. But it is not the sun itself which is the cause, because at noontime there are fewer suicides than at other times of the day. What Durkheim finds is that the factors associated with higher numbers of suicides must be those that relate to the time when social life is at its height (Suicide, p. 119). The time of day, the day of week, the season of the year, and so on, are not in themselves the reason for the changes in the number of suicides. Rather, the times when social life and interaction among people are greater, are also those associated with increased suicide. Durkheim concludes this section by saying (quote 13): Four Types of Suicide The manner in which social integration and regulation work can be better seen by examining the four fold classification of suicides that Durkheim developed. Durkheim ends his discussion of the organic-psychic and physical environmental factors by concluding that they cannot explain each social group[s] specific tendency to suicide. (Suicide, p. 145). By eliminating other explanations, Durkheim claims that these tendencies must depend on social causes and must be collective phenomena. The key to each type is a social factor, with the degrees of integration and regulation into society being either too high or too low. (The following discussion is drawn from Ritzer, pp. 90 ff. ). 1. Egoistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs where the degree of social integration is low, and there is a sense of meaningless among individuals. In traditional societies, with mechanical solidarity, this is not likely to be the cause of suicide. There the strong collective consciousness gives people a broad sense of meaning to their lives. Within modern society, the weaker collective consciousness means that people may not see the same meaning in their lives, and unrestrained pursuit of individual interests may lead to strong dissatisfaction. One of the results of this can be suicide. Individuals who are strongly integrated into a family structure, a religious group, or some other type of integrative group are less likely to encounter these problems, and that explains the lower suicide rates among them. The factors leading to egoistic suicide can be social currents such as depression and disillusionment. For Durkheim, these are social forces or social facts, even though it is the depressed or melancholy individual who takes his or her life voluntarily. Actors are never free of the force of the collectivity: However individualized a man may be, there is always something collective remaining – the very depression and melancholy resulting from this same exaggerated individualism. Also, on p. 214 of Suicide, Durkheim says Thence are formed currents of depression and disillusionment emanating from no particular individual but expressing societys state of disillusionment. Durkheim notes that the bond attaching man to life relaxes because that attaching him to society is itself slack. The individual yields to the slightest shock of circumstance because the state of society has made him a ready prey to suicide. (Suicide, pp. 214-215). 2. Altruistic Suicide. This is the type of suicide that occurs when integration is too great, the collective consciousness too strong, and the indivi dual is forced into committing suicide. (Ritzer, p. 91). Integration may not be the direct cause of suicide here, but the social currents that go along with this very high degree of integration can lead to this. The followers of Jim Jones of the People’s Temple or the members of the Solar Temple are an example of this, as are ritual suicides in Japan. Ritzer notes that some may feel it is their duty to commit suicide. (p. 91). Examples in primitive society cited by Durkheim are suicides of those who are old and sick, suicides of women following the death of their husband, and suicides of followers after the death of a chief. According to Durkheim this type of suicide may actually springs from hope, for it depends on the belief in beautiful perspectives beyond this life. 3. Anomic Suicide. Anomie or anomy come from the Greek meaning lawlessness. Nomos means usage, custom, or law and nemein means to distribute. Anomy thus is social instability resulting from breakdown of standards and values. (Websters Dictionary). This is a type of suicide related to too low a degree of regulation, or external constraint on people. As with the anomic division of labour, this can occur when the normal form of the division of labour is disrupted, and the collectivity is temporarily incapable of exercising its authority over individuals. (Ritzer, p. 92). This can occur either during periods associated with economic depression (stock market crash of the 1930s) or over-rapid economic expansion. New situations with few norms, the regulative effect of structures is weakened, and the individual may feel rootless. In this situation, an individual may be subject to anomic social currents. People that are freed from constraints become slaves to their passions, and as a result, according to Durkheims view, commit a wide range of destructive acts, including killing themselves in greater numbers than they ordinarily would. (Ritzer, p. , 92). In addition to economic anomie, Durkheim also spends time examining domestic anomie. For example, suicides of family members may occur after the death of a husband or wife. 4. Fatalistic Suicide. When regulation is too strong, Durkheim considers the possibility that persons with futures pitilessly blocked and passions v iolently choked by oppressive discipline may see no way out. The individual sees no possible manner in which their lives can be improved, and when in a state of melancholy, may be subject to social currents of fatalistic suicide. Summary. Durkheims analysis of suicide shows the manner n which the social as opposed to the psychological and biological can be emphasized, and how it results in some useful ways of analyzing the actions of individuals. Suicide rates as expressions of social currents are social facts that affect societies and individuals within those societies. The study of psychology is still useful in attempting to determine individual motives and the mann er in which the specific circumstances can lead to an individual deciding to voluntarily end their life. But an analysis of these circumstances should be set within the context of the social currents to which that individual is subject. The method of analysis of Durkheim should prove useful even today. In terms of suicide, the social causes are now well recognized, and any analysis of suicide would have to include these. Some combination of egoistic, anomic, and fatalistic types of suicide may help explain and understand this phenomenon. More generally, the method of Suicide is exemplary in providing researchers with a means of understanding the social factors that are associated with particular phenomena. Durkheim examines patterns on the data in an attempt to determine how social factors can play a role in explaining these phenomena. This might be applied to sociobiological arguments today. The trends themselves are not the cause, but indicative of a cause, a social explanation has to be found. C. Conclusions about Durkheim 1. Contributions a. Social Facts and Social Aspects. These are real things that do affect people. He had a strong structural view of society, and the manner in which each of us is influenced by these social facts and how we must fit into these. Durkheim attempted to see a role for the social as distinguished from the economic, psychological and biological. This can be seen in his view of the social influences on suicide rates, where he takes a wide variety of factors and considers their influence on the tendency or aptitude for suicide. The effect of each of these factors is not a simple connection between the factor and the tendency to suicide, but must be mediated by social factors. In particular, the social factors that he identified were the degree of integration and the degree of regulation. For modern theories of sociobiology, and the influence of genetics, Durkheims approach could prove a useful counter. References Cuff, E. C. , W. W. Sharrock and D. W. Francis, Perspectives in Sociology, third edition, London, Routledge, 1992. HM66 P36 1984 Durkheim, Emile, The Division of Labor in Society, New York, The Free Press, 1933. Referred to in notes as Division. HD 51 D98 Durkheim, Emile, The Rules of Sociological Method, New York, The Free Press, 1938. Referred to in notes as Rules. HM 24 D962 Durkheim, Emile, Suicide: A Study in Sociology, New York, The Free Press, 1951. Referred to in notes as Suicide. HV 6545 D812 Giddens, Anthony, Capitalism and Modern Social Theory: An Analysis of the Writings of Marx, Durkheim and Max Weber, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 1971. HM19 G53. Ritzer, George, Sociological Theory, third edition, New York, McGraw-Hill, 1992. HM24 R4938. Social Explanation. If voluntary deaths increase from January to July, it is not because heat disturbs the organism, but because social life is more intense. To be sure, this greater intensity derives from the greater ease of development of social life in the Summer than in the Winter, owing to the suns position , the state of the atmosphere, etc. But the physical environment does not stimulate it directly; above all, it has no effect on the progression of suicide. The latter depends on social conditions. Suicide, pp. 121-122). While this is not a proof or determination of what causes suicide yet, Durkheim notes that the causes must relate to collective life and must be such that these time factors can be incorporated into an explanation. But the explanation must be social in nature, and cannot be simply related to natural factors, these natural factors must work socially, and affe ct some social aspects which are related to suicide. Note that Durkheim s method here is very empirical, and he searches through various sorts of data and evidence to find factors associated with suicide. But the explanation is not simply a relation between these data and suicides. Rather he is searching for social causes or conditions that are expressed through these. That is, he uses data to discover patterns, but the patterns themselves are not the cause of the phenomenon. Rather the cause is social, and the observed, empirical patterns constitute a means of finding underlying causes. Another factor that Durkheim considers is religion. While he does find that religion is associated with suicide, in the sense that Protestant countries and regions have higher suicide rates than do Catholic ones, religious doctrines are not an important factor in explaining these differences. That is, suicide is condemned more or less equally in each religion, and doctrinal statements concerning suicide are all negative. If there is a difference between the two religions with respect to suicide rates, it must be in some aspect of social organization that differs between the two churches. But if this is the factor related to suicide, then it is the social organization that is the cause of the difference, not religion in itself. Giddens notes (p. 83) that Durkheim finds further proof of this in other factors related to social organization, that is, family structure. Where there is more integration in family structure, the suicides are lesser in number. Durkheim argues that the most important aspects of social organization and collective life for explaining differences in suicide rates are the degree of integration into and regulation by society. For Durkheim, integration is the degree to which collective sentiments are shared and regulation refers to the degree of external constraint on people. (Ritzer, p. 90). Catholicism is a more highly integrated religion than Protestantism, and it is in this that the difference in suicide rates is expressed. That is, it is not the religious doctrines themselves but the different social organization of the two religions. As Giddens notes (p. 83), degree of integration of family structure is related in the same way to suicides. Those in larger families are less likely to commit suicide, whereas those in smaller families, or single, are more likely. Over time, various social factors also make their influence felt. Durkheim notes that there was a decline in the number of suicides in all the European countries in 1848, a year of revolution and political change throughout Europe. Times of political crisis, war, and economic change are also associated with changes in the rate of suicide. Each of these great social movements could be considered to be examples of social currents that have widespread impact within and across societies. Ritzer (p. 89) notes that Durkheim was making two arguments. First, he argued that different collectivities have different collective consciousness or collective representation. These produce different social currents, and these lead to different suicide rates. By studying different groups and societies, some of these currents can be analyzed, and the effect of these on suicide can be determined. Second, changes in the collective consciousness lead to changes in social currents. These are then associated with changes in suicide rates (quote 14): Sociological Explanation. The conclusion from all these facts is that the social suicide-rate can be explained only sociologically. At any given moment the moral constitution of society established the contingent of voluntary deaths. There is, therefore, for each people a collective force of a definite amount of energy, impelling men to self-destruction. The victims acts which at first seem to express only his personal temperament are really the supplement and prolongation of a social condition which they express externally. Each social group really has a collective inclination for the act, quite its own, and the source of all individual inclination, rather than the result. It is made up of the currents of egoism, altruism or anomy running through the society under consideration with the tendencies to languorous melancholy, active renunciation or exasperated weariness derivative from these currents. These tendencies of the whole social body, by affecting individuals, cause them to commit suicide. The private experiences usually thought to be the proximate causes of suicide have only the influence borrowed from the victims moral predisposition, itself and echo of the moral state of society. (Suicide, pp. 299-300).

Questionnaire on CSP Essay Example

Questionnaire on CSP Essay Example Questionnaire on CSP Essay Questionnaire on CSP Essay Questionnaire on CSP BY swati09061990 Questionnaire Dear respondent, As a part of MBA curriculum, I am conducting a study on . You are requested to please cooperate by providing relevant information. I assure you that information will be kept confidential and will be used for study purpose only. Thank you Name What is your occupation? Government employee Semi Government employee Working in MNC Other institutions and Corporate A. Do you have a salary account (CSP)? Yes No B. If yes, in which bank you are maintaining your salary account? SBI Bank sank Other nationalised banks Deutsche Bank Axis Bank Other C. Why you opted a particular bank for opening salary account ? My hr department told me to open in a particular banks branch Already maintained account before joining the service Bank/branch is nearer to my office Bank/branch approached me to open an account D. Does your bank provide you zero balance facility? E. Does your bank provide you an overdraft facility through your salary account? If yes, than for how much time 1 month 2 month 3 montn According to the requirement F. Is there any facility of maintaining the same account number even if you have ransferred your account to any other branch? G. What is the maximum cash withdrawal per day from your ATM? 100000 H. If applied for Car/Housing loan, what were the rates of EMI provided? Did you find High Low l. Do you have free internet banking? J. Have your bank provided you any free insurance facility with your salary account? K. Do you have free mobile banking? L. How would you rate the overall quality of your relationship with SBI for CSP considering all of your experiences with them? Would you say it is? Very Good Fair Poor M. In the case of suitability of CSP, which bank would you prefer? ICICI Others (Name N. Do you feel that your bank/branch gives you more attention than any other customer? Yes Hasnt felt the difference O. Are you aware about all the advantages of your CSP account? Yes P. Do you have any instrument/card/pass book/cheque book etc. which indicates that you have CSP account (privileged that you have more powerful account than any other account) Yes Have not recognised the difference Q. Transacting through net banking/ATM , have you observed that your bank gives ou special attention/welcome for maintaining CSP? Yes No answer R. Are you getting concession from your bank in any credit facility? Yes On Demand S. Which advantage of your salary account you rate on top ? Credit facility Services Concessions T. And, in case of long term which bank would you choose? otners (Name U. Do you agree with the after services provided by SBI for CSP are best as compared to other banks? Strongly Agree Agree Disagree Strongly Disagree V. Which bank would you recommend to your corporate friends for CSP? ICICI THANKYOU

How to Ask Your Boss for a Raise

How to Ask Your Boss for a Raise You’re sitting at your desk, working hard as always, when your boss walks up, smiling. â€Å"Congratulations,† she beams. â€Å"I’ve decided to give you a 25 percent raise!† Wow, you think, as you mentally run through the list of people you want to thank: your agent, your deity, your long-suffering spouse. Suddenly you snap back to reality, and realize it didn’t actually happen. No one walked up and handed you one of those oversized prop checks, just for being you. (Darn it!) But part of your fantasy could come true- with a bit of research, a little work, and a lot of confidence. Asking for a raise is something you shouldn’t take lightly. In this economic climate and the chronic outbreak of corporate belt-tightening, it’s easier than ever for bosses and executives to shrug their shoulders and say â€Å"I would if I could, but†¦.† That means it’s on you to show how you’ve gone above and beyond, or how your prod uctivity has been an asset to the company in your time there. According to PayScale.com, 75% of people who ask for a raise get one. Be one of the 75%!Before you start the process, ask yourself a few questions about where things stand at work right now. Have your responsibilities changed recently? Are you taking more initiative than ever? [via PayScale]If you don’t feel like you’re quite at that point yet, that doesn’t mean you won’t be soon. Be more proactive at work, taking the lead on projects that involve other people, and start reaching beyond the limits of your job description. If you are ready to start advocating for that raise, then here are some steps you can follow.Step 1:  Do Your HomeworkStep 2:  Settle on a Goal AmountStep 3:  Pick Your TimingStep 4:  Ask for a Meeting With Your Boss.Step 5:  Gather All of Your InformationStep 6: AskStep 7: Have a Plan BStep 1: Do Your HomeworkThe best tool at your disposal here is information œinformation about you, information about your industry, information about what other people make doing the same things you do. The great thing about this is that we have so much of this info right at our fingertips these days. There are entire websites out there devoted to how much people make in different industries, and what they can expect to make over the course of a career. It would be nice to think that we’re all priceless professionals, who don’t have a dollar figure. Yet in this cynical world, we all have a (professional) worth†¦and it’s absolutely essential to know yours. Let’s look at a few of the sites that can help you find out.The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics: Sure, it looks like dry government data- and, well, it is. But it’s also a wealth of information about your industry: median salaries, career outlooks over the next ten years, and basic career requirements.PayScale.com: On the front page, it says in big letters, â€Å"What am I worth?† That’s a sign that you’re on the right track in your research. You can search by industry or job title, and download free reports that give you salary data about your field.Glassdoor.com: This site has industry and salary data too, but it also has company data- including anonymous reviews from people who’ve worked there. So you get hard data about what people similar to you are making, but it can also give you insight into how your own company works behind the scenes. And if the raise request process doesn’t work out, it has some great resources for a job hunt.Step 2: Settle on a Goal AmountOnce you have a ballpark figure in mind thanks to your extensive research online, it’s time to start refining that a bit. You should have a specific goal in mind for your salary negotiations. You may or may not reach that in the end, but you need a figure for your manager to work with. If you let the other person set the number, y ou risk low-balling yourself. And you really don’t want to find out later that your boss actually would have gone higher, but didn’t because you seemed satisfied with the lower amount. Moral of the story: you set the narrative here.Here are 3 tips to keep in mind as you figure out your amount.1. Be realistic.Remember your research, and stay within shouting distance of what people in your role make at other companies, or what people have historically made in your role at your own company. Unless you’re about to sign a major professional baseball contract, asking for crazy amounts of cash (and a shiny new BMW convertible) will get you laughed out of your negotiation meeting.2. Be specific.Remember, you’re setting the conversation here. If you throw out a specific number or percentage of the raise, you open up a dialogue with your manager.3. Be firm.Once you’ve settled on an amount (or at least a narrow range), commit to it. The last thing you want is to be winging it once you have your boss’s attention.Okay, so you’ve figured out what you’re asking for. Let’s move on to step 3.Step 3: Pick Your TimingIf your company just released a disastrous earnings report, then now might not be the best time to ask for a raise. If you or your boss is overwhelmed in the middle of a giant project, now might not be the best time to ask for a raise. You want to pick a time when the powers that be might be more receptive to giving you more cash. This is not to say that you can’t ask for a raise if things are shaky with the company. As with everything else, there may not be a â€Å"perfect† time where all the planets align for your request, and you shouldn’t put it off indefinitely. But if you’re conscious about what’s going on in general, you can find a time when people aren’t just going to dismiss your request right off because things are terrible. It’s a matter of shif ting your opportunity window. Also, knowing what’s going on can help you frame your request: â€Å"I know things are a little rough right now with our industry, but I’d like to talk about a merit-based raise.†With many companies, raises and bonuses are tied pretty closely to the annual review process. Again, there’s nothing stopping you from taking this outside of the regular channels, but if you align your ask with a time of year where your company might be more amenable to adjusting your pay, it could increase your chances.Step 4: Ask for a Meeting With Your BossNo carrier pigeon necessary: just an invite that blocks out time for you and your boss to talk about this without distractions. There’s no need for cloak-and-dagger secrecy. A simple â€Å"meeting to discuss salary† subject works fine.Step 5: Gather All of Your InformationRemember when you did all that research on salaries? Time to bring that back, and keep it in mind for the discu ssion with your boss. You should also:Update your resume. It’s probably changed since you started, and the manager in charge of your raise may not have ever read your resume in the first place. So it’s time to rebuild or refine your resume, tailored to the points you want to emphasize in your raise request (skills you’ve picked up, tasks you’ve taken on, accomplishments you’ve accumulated). Bring a copy to the meeting with your boss.Make a list of all of the talking points you want to hit in your discussion.Practice what you want to say. It can feel silly to talk to yourself in the bathroom mirror, but asking for a raise can be a stressful situation. And in stressful situations, we don’t always remember to say what we needed or wanted to say. So if you practice ahead of time, it’ll be easier to stick to your points when you’re asking your boss.Step 6: AskArmed with your accomplishments and your raise-worthy activities on the jo b, gather up your confidence and walk into the meeting with your manager. There are some do’s and don’ts as you take this step:Don’t be aggressive or defensive. Keep the tone civil and professional at all times.Don’t make it about you as a person- make it about you as an employee.Don’t try to make it about what you want/need. If you are having personal financial issues, or want to finance Mr. Fluffington’s cat botox regimen, none of that matters. Focus on your worthiness as a professional.Do take it seriously. Even if you’re buddies with your boss, you want to treat this with the utmost seriousness. This is your salary we’re talking about! You want your boss to take this request seriously, so you need to set that tone.Don’t be afraid to talk yourself up. It’s not bragging to list your accomplishments and explain why you deserve a raise. You should be a confident advocate for yourself.Step 7: Have a Plan BSometimes the answer will be â€Å"no,† or the amount will come in way under that you were hoping to get. If that’s the case, you have some follow-up decisions to make. If you feel like your company doesn’t value you, and now you have a dollar figure against that, it’s time to ask yourself if you’d like to stay, or try your luck elsewhere.If the answer is no and you have no interest in jumping ship, don’t take it personally. This is a business discussion with business reasons behind it. It’s not a rejection of you (even thought it can certainly feel that way). Before you even walk into the meeting with your boss, know what your plan is for each potential outcome. Don’t lose heart- you can try this again in the future. Ideally, your boss explained why the answer was a no. And keep this open as a dialogue: you can ask whether there’s anything you can do to set yourself up for a better raise on the next go-round.The most important t hing with asking for a raise is that you go into it with every possible reason and justification at your disposal. The raise request is a not-so-distant cousin to the new job salary negotiation, in that you don’t get what you don’t ask for and you don’t want to have any regrets later on. Good luck seizing your opportunity!

MACROECONOMICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MACROECONOMICS - Essay Example has an affect upon the macro economics as it is the tool to attract more consumers towards the banking instruments, not only from the domestic investors but also from the foreign investors. At interest rates r0 and r1, investment levels in (a) will be i0 and i1. To produce equilibrium in the item for consumption market, level of income must be at y0 and y1 respectively. Therefore, interest rate income combines r0, y0 and r1, y1, which are the equilibrium points along the IS schedule, slopes downward towards right. With investment being responsive to alterations in the interest rates, the investment plan i (r) on (a) is moderately flat. A decrease in interest rate will raise investment by a huge amount. Therefore, a large increase in income, y0y2, is necessary to re-establish the product market equilibrium. Consequently, the IS schedule in part (d) will be flat. The level of investments by firms is highly affected through the monetary policy of the government. The raise in the interest rate will force the investment level to increase by firms. To increase the investment level by different firms the monetary policy was implemented by the UK government. When the consumer confidence index falls, there is an increase in the level of savings and many firms decide to reschedule or push back the capital investment spending projects because of uncertainties over a shortcoming of demand and there is a fall in the expected rate of profit on investment. This affect is upturned down through the monetary policy of the government by implementation of the interest rate policy. The increase in the interest rate will increase the confidence index of investment and the expectation level of investing firms will be higher as there is more return through the financial instruments. This rise in the confidence index and investment increases the investment in capital projects that helps the economy to grow. In application with the Fisher’s equation it is know that, as the income

Opening a Mr. Goodscents in Finland Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Opening a Mr. Goodscents in Finland - Essay Example Mr. Good cents are franchisee who always considers to holdup the concept values of trust, integrity and respect. The Good cents registered establishment is represented by an icon figure developed from a penny. In 1909 the US government had introduced this one cent coin featuring with the 16th president Abraham Lincoln. The coin had got more popularity and was highly circulated. The popularity of the penny may vanish when time passes. Since Mr. Good cents have considered this penny as their logo they can enjoy its traditional value for a very long time. The muscle power observed in the hands and legs of Good cents icons resemble the strength and ability of experienced hardships. This is the symbols of dedicated hard work in an individual’s life span. The icon’s smiling face expresses pride, enjoyment and excitement that he has been experiencing by serving his customers. The icon also indicates satisfaction in providing high quality healthy products to the community. Mr. Good cents subs and pastas restaurants and franchisee are committed to keep up the above-mentioned traditions since its establishment. Their establishment in Finland has influenced the country’s culture and lifestyle to a great deal. The people of Finland are the admirers of Good cents products. Their masterpiece munue have too much popularity among them. Usually their masterpiece items are 18 varieties of sub sandwiches prepared from fresh deli meats. They are the master servers of delicious desserts, salads, soups and pastas which are considered as highly nutritious healthy dishes. Let us have a look at some of their famous dishes. Subs/Sandwiches are considered as one of the prominent and famous menu from Good cents subs and pastas. This is a delicious menu of bread slices which are furnished by meat and cheese. Another famous dish is Pasta. This is a preparation of sauce and meat

Crime Films Essay -- essays research papers fc

Crime Films When looking at the crime film it is important to understand the nature of the films genre. The genre is a way for the audience to distinguish types of films. These are categorised together because of standard protocols developed for a particular types or styles of film. These films usually follow similar guidelines in order to produce a predictable style for the audience. The development of genre films is not entirely the prerogative of Hollywood. It is more the desire of the public viewing audience to have an idea of the type of film they are about to see. The western, musical or the gangster film are examples of genre films. These categories of films all have similarities in the ways in which they are made: musicals end happily; the westerns will all have the final shoot out; and the gangsters will all be overcome by justice or meet their own demise. The reason for the consistency in the films is the publics desire to make an informed choice not and not to go in blind. By using the genre qualification, the industry is able to target societal groups and try to produce and market what they want to see. The public attends a film because they think they might enjoy some aspect of it. The film genre follows a set of abstract rules that allows the public to informally categorize films. These rules must be viewed from an flexible point of view in order to legitimize their future existence. By using this method of categorizing films the public is able to decide which films they wish to see and those they do not. Some people love musicals and if they were to go to one and find there was no music or dance they might not be too pleased. The concept of genre is one that may provide benefit to the viewers but at the same time may also present problems for the directors who must compromise their artistic aspirations. Examples of this can be seen in the production of sequels, and the use of repetitive set qualities. These may include the mise en scene of the picture or the inclusion of similar sound. Because of these unwritten rules the directors must include some of the familiar aspects of the genre. The greatest problem may be that the film must fall into a genre category. Defining it within the genre may be compromising to the nature of the film. Scarface (1932 U.S.A. - Howard Hawks ) is a f... ...s that are felt for the characters can for the most part be generalised by saying that the "principle" of the film is most often the character that receive the greatest attention. This is fundamental in the understanding of a film and in the deliverance of a story. The apparent identification with characters of certain types of films is totally dependent upon the desires and expectations of the viewer. It is the ability of the audience to identify with the central characters of a film that keeps them watching. The use of the imagination or a simple wish to be exposed to other possibilities are the fundamental reasons for entertainment. The criticisms being aroused by those who are opposed to the way in which crime is occasional depicted, believe that real life and the stories told by films are becoming increasingly similar. The criticism can be justified in some respects but by justifying these criticisms there is an implied ignorance for the individual intelligence of the general population . Bibliography David Bordwell, Kristin Thomson, Film Art an introduction: McGraw- -Hill,Inc.:University of Wisconsin,1993. Graeme Turner, Film as Social Practice: Routledge, 1993.